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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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00138_Field_frep17.txt
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1996-12-30
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In a very pretty extension of
the same idea, Roger Tootell, in
Russel De Valois's laboratory at
Berkeley, had an animal look
with one eye at a large pattern
of concentric circles and rays,
shown in the top image of the
figure to the left.
In this experiment by Roger
Tootell, the target-shaped
stimulus with radial lines was
centered on an anesthetized
macaque monkey's right visual
field for 45 minutes after
injection with radioactive 2-
deoxyglucose. One eye was held
closed. The lower picture shows
the labeling in the striate
cortex of the left hemisphere.
This autoradiograph shows a
section parallel to the surface;
the cortex was flattened and
frozen before sectioning. The
roughly vertical lines of label
represent the (semi)circular
stimulus lines; the horizontal
lines of label represent the
radial lines in the right visual
field. The hatching within each
line of label is caused by only
one eye having been stimulated
and represents ocular-
dominance columns.
The resulting pattern on the
cortex contains the circles and
rays, distorted just as expected
by the variations in
magnification (the distance on
the cortex corresponding to 1
degree of visual field), a
phenomenon related to the
change in visual acuity
between the fovea and
periphery of the eye. Over and
above that, each circle or ray is
broken up by the fine ocular-
dominance stripes. Stimulating
both eyes would have resulted
in continuous bands. Seldom
can we illustrate so many
separate facts so neatly, all in a
single experiment.
Cats, several kinds of
monkeys, chimpanzees, and
man all possess ocular-
dominance columns. The
columns are absent in rodents
and tree shrews; and although
hints of their presence can be
detected physiologically in the
squirrel monkey, a new world
monkey, present anatomical
methods do not reveal the
columns. At present we don't
know what purpose this highly
patterned segregation of eye
influence serves, but one guess
is that it has something to do
with stereopsis (see Chapter 7).
Subdivisions of the cortex by
specialization in cell function
have been found in many
regions besides the striate
cortex. They were first seen in
the somato-sensory cortex by
Vernon Mountcastle in the mid-
1950s, in what was surely the
most important set of
observations on cortex since
localization of function was
first discovered. The
somatosensory is to touch,
pressure, and joint position
what the striate cortex is to
vision. Mountcastle showed
that this cortex is similarly
subdivided vertically into
regions in which cells are
sensitive to touch and regions
in which cells respond to
bending of joints or applying
deep pressure to a limb. Like
ocular-dominance columns,
the regions are about half a
millimeter across, but whether
they form stripes, a
checkerboard, or an ocean-
and-islands pattern is still not
clear. The term column was
coined by Mountcastle, so one
can probably assume that he
had a pillarlike structure in
mind. We now know that the
word slab would be more
suitable for the visual cortex.
Terminology is hard to change,
however, and it seems best to
stick to the well-known term,
despite its shortcomings. Today
we speak of columnar
subdivisions when some cell
attribute remains constant
from surface to white matter
and varies in records taken
parallel to the surface. For
reasons that will become clear
in the next chapter, we usually
restrict the concept to exclude
the topographic representation,
that is, position of receptive
fields on the retina or position
on the body.